60 years of the United Republic of Tanzania; We are united and Strengthened for the Development of Our Nation.
1. Introduction.
The
United Republic of Tanzania was established through the unification of
Tanganyika and Zanzibar on April 26, 1964. It stands as a unified entity
with a singular identity across Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, as well
as the surrounding water bodies. Tanzania serves as the representative
of its people, projecting a united front to the international community.
With our diverse cultural heritage and rich history, Tanzania is a
symbol of unity and strength, demonstrating the harmony that can arise
from acknowledging and respecting differences.
From the bustling
streets of Dar es Salaam to the serene beaches of Zanzibar, we, the
people of Tanzania, are bound by a common purpose, to forge a prosperous
future for ourselves and our nation. This shared vision is deeply
rooted in the history and traditions of our country, where the concept
of ‘ujamaa’, accentuates the importance of communal values and
collective progress.
In this great future, you can’t forget your
past, Bob Marley wisely noted, a thought that strikes a chord as
Tanzania commemorates its 60th Union Anniversary, marking six decades
since the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, forming the United
Republic of Tanzania.
This milestone is not just a celebration of the
present moment but also a reflection on the journey that has brought the
country here. It is a tribute to the resilience, perseverance, and
unity of the Tanzanian people, who have overcome challenges to build a
nation that stands as an inspiration and symbol of progress in Africa
and beyond.
As Tanzania looks ahead to the future, it must
remember the lessons of its past, honoring its history while forging a
path toward continued unity, development, prosperity, and harmony that
define Tanzania, ensuring that future generations inherit a nation built
on the values of peace, solidarity, and progress.
2. Tanganyika’s Road to Independence.
Tanganyika’s
journey to independence was marked by a challenging struggle against
colonial rule. The exploitative practices of European powers,
particularly under German and British colonization, sparked fierce
resistance among the Tanganyikan people. The colonial rule brought new
challenges, as the region grappled with the complexities of governance
under foreign administration. Despite facing suppression and oppression,
Tanganyika’s resolve for self-determination remained unbroken. The
eventual declaration of independence in 1961 and the establishment of
the Republic of Tanganyika in 1962 underlined the triumph of the
people’s will and marked the beginning of a new era of sovereignty and
self-governance.
2.1. German Exploitation.
Prior to German
rule, Tanganyika’s history was marked by diverse indigenous cultures
and societies, with trade routes connecting the interior to coastal
communities. European explorers, driven by the desire for colonial
expansion and economic gain, began to penetrate the region in the 19th
century. These early interactions were often marred by violence and
exploitation, as explorers sought to establish dominance and control
over the local populations. The arrival of German colonizers in the late
19th century further intensified these dynamics, leading to widespread
displacement and marginalization of indigenous peoples.
During
this tumultuous period, the Berlin Conference of 1884 formalized the
exploitation of African territories, including Tanganyika, leading to
the arbitrary division of Africa among European powers. Tanganyika,
under Deutsch Ost-Afrika, was one such territory governed by Germany
from 1884 to 1918. However, German rule faced strong opposition,
reflecting Tanganyika’s resistance to exploitation, oppressive rule, and
foreign control as the people sought to preserve their autonomy and
cultural identity. Despite these challenges, Tanganyika’s diverse
communities continued to resist foreign incursions.
2.2. British Colonial Rule.
German
rule in East Africa came to an end with Germany’s defeat in World War
I. The conflict began with clashes between British and German forces
along the northern frontier of the German colony, but the decisive
assault began in 1916. Led by General Jan Smuts, a British force
defeated the Germans near Kilimanjaro and occupied the northern part of
German East Africa in March 1916, establishing a provisional
administration.
Meanwhile, General Paul Emil Von Lettow-Vorbeck and his
forces were confined to the southern part of German East Africa. By
November 1917, the German army had been driven into Portuguese
territory, completing the occupation of Tanganyika. General Von
Lettow-Vorbeck, known as the “Lion of Tanganyika” by his native
soldiers, formally surrendered on November 13, 1918, marking the loss of
German East Africa to the British.
Under the Peace Treaty with
Germany signed at Versailles in June 28, 1919, Germany renounced all
rights over her overseas possessions, including German East Africa, in
favor of the principal Allied and Associated Powers. Article 22 of the
League of Nations Covenant, a part of the treaty, mandated these
territories to be governed by mandatories on behalf of the League.
Britain was designated to administer German East Africa, except for
Ruanda and Urundi, which were entrusted to Belgium. The League of
Nations mandate placed Tanganyika under British administration and
Ruanda-Urundi under Belgian rule, with the Kionga Triangle under
Portuguese authority. These territories were to be governed until they
were deemed ready for self-governance, though the process lacked clear
criteria for achieving self-rule, leading to prolonged colonial
governance.
Tanganyika Territory, under British administration,
continued to be governed under the terms of the mandate of League of
Nations until 1946. At that time, it was placed under the trusteeship
system of the United Nations, marking a new phase in its governance and
paving the way for eventual self-rule.
2.3. The First Election.
The
First Election of Tanganyika in 1958 marked a significant turning point
in the country’s political history, as it was the first planned
national election involving multiple political parties. However, the
colonial government, under Governor Edward Twining, imposed difficult
conditions aimed at suppressing African participation. These conditions,
including income and education requirements, were designed to limit
African representation, as the colonial government feared a landslide
victory for the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), led by Julius
Nyerere. Despite these challenges, TANU emerged victorious in both
phases of the election, demonstrating the people’s overwhelming desire
for independence.
The second phase of the election, held under
Governor Richard Turnbull in 1959, further solidified TANU’s popularity
and support among the people. TANU won all 15 contested seats,
indicating its widespread acceptance and influence. The 1960 election
reaffirmed TANU’s dominance, with the party winning 70 out of 71
contested seats, including one seat won by a TANU member running as an
independent candidate. The significant increase in registered voters
from the previous election reflected the growing enthusiasm for
independence and the relaxation of voting requirements.
2.4. Republic Established.
Following
TANU’s victories, Tanganyika made significant progress towards
self-governance and independence. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere became the
Chief Minister on September 2, 1960, and formed the Government the next
day. Tanganyika was granted internal autonomy on May 1, 1961, with
Nyerere as the Prime Minister. The country gained independence on
December 9, 1961, becoming the 104th member of the United Nations.
Despite these achievements, TANU was not satisfied with the Queen of
England as the Head of State, leading to the declaration of Tanganyika
as a Republic within the Commonwealth.
The Republic of Tanganyika
was officially established on December 9, 1962, with Mwalimu Julius
Nyerere sworn in as the Executive President, Head of State, Government
Leader, and Commander-in-Chief. Nyerere’s presidency marked a new era
for Tanganyika, as the country began a journey of self-determination and
sovereignty, guided by the principles of freedom, democracy, and unity.
3. Zanzibar’s Road to Independence.
The
history of Zanzibar is a tale of strategic maneuvers and shifting
colonial powers. Sultan Said bin Sultan Al-Said of Oman’s assertive
annexation of Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia, and the East African coastal strip
marked a significant turn, relocating his capital from Muscat to
Zanzibar. This move transformed Zanzibar into a crucial hub under Omani
control.
However, the Berlin Conference ushered in a new era, with
Britain and Germany negotiating over territorial claims. The outcome,
the 1886 Treaty, recognized the Sultan’s authority over Zanzibar, Pemba,
and the coastal strip, solidifying his position amid the colonial
powers’ interests. The subsequent delineation of boundaries marked the
separation of British and German spheres of influence in East Africa,
leaving the Sultanate with a strategically important coastal area.
3.1. British Influence.
The
colonial powers’ interactions in Africa continued, leading to the 1890
Treaty, which further shaped the region’s geopolitics. Britain and
Germany reached agreements that saw Germany cede territories to Britain
and reaffirm the Sultan’s authority over Zanzibar. This agreement also
aimed to resolve disputes over territories such as Mafia Island and
areas in Tanganyika. For the Sultan, British protection provided a sense
of security against perceived German threats, indicating the complex
dynamics of colonial politics in East Africa. Zanzibar’s strategic
importance, both as a trade center and a focal point of anti-slavery
efforts, further reiterated its significance in the broader colonial
context.
The story of Zanzibar’s struggle for true independence
is one of complexity and historical significance. In 1963, the
Constitution of Zanzibar seemingly granted the Sultan supreme
leadership, continuing a legacy that predated colonial rule. This
system, however, was a British construct, reinforcing their strategic
interests rather than acknowledging Zanzibar’s unique identity and its
fundamental quest for true independence.
The British aimed to protect
the Sultan from external threats and quell rising African independence
movements, which posed a challenge to the Sultan’s rule. By not inviting
the Sultan to the Berlin Conference and manipulating succession
disputes, Britain reinforced its dominance, denying Zanzibar’s true
autonomy.
3.2. The Revolution.
While Zanzibar had
seemingly achieved independence on December 10, 1963, with the Sultan
assuming supreme leadership, a move that was viewed as a step towards
autonomy, the true essence of independence was yet to be realized. This
legacy, which predates colonial rule, set the stage for the emergence of
the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) as a significant player during
geopolitical maneuvers. Under the leadership of Abeid Amani Karume, the
ASP advocated for a republican Zanzibar, diverging sharply from British
and Arab interests.
The ASP clandestinely organized the Revolution,
seizing key police stations and buildings on January 12, 1964. Despite
facing resistance, including from British Police Commissioner Jack
Sullivan, the revolutionaries emerged victorious, prompting Sultan
Jamshid bin Abdullah to flee. The ASP’s success led to the establishment
of the Government of the Revolution of Zanzibar, marking a profound
shift in the island’s history.
The Revolution was more than just a
political upheaval; it was a reflection of the resilience and
determination of Zanzibar’s people. The revolutionaries’ courage and
meticulous planning, shown in their capture of crucial institutions,
made clear their commitment to freedom and self-determination. The
Revolution marked a significant moment after years of struggle against
colonial and oppressive systems, laying the groundwork for a new era of
governance based on the aspirations of the Zanzibari people. It
represented a transformative moment that shattered the illusion of
artificial freedom and laid the foundation for a more inclusive and
democratic Zanzibar.
3.3. Revolutionary Legacy.
The legacy
of the Zanzibar Revolution lives on, reminding us of the quest for
genuine liberation. It demonstrates the power of unity and the
resilience of the human spirit in the face of oppression. The
Revolution’s impact spread far beyond Zanzibar, inspiring similar
movements across Africa. It stands as a symbol of hope, showing us that
true freedom is not granted but earned through sacrifice, determination,
and a strong dedication to justice and equality.
4. Initiatives and Efforts Toward Unity.
The
founders of the Union, Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere and Abeid Amani
Karume, played a crucial role in the formation of the United Republic
of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, now known as Tanzania. In light of the
political climate at the time, the leaders conducted secret negotiations
on both sides of the Union to avoid interference from enemies of the
Union.
On April 22, 1964, Nyerere and Karume, representing the
people of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, signed the Union Agreement at the
State House in Zanzibar, symbolizing their commitment to unity and
cooperation. Nyerere’s delegation included Oscar Kambona, Job Lusinde,
Roland Brown, P.R.N Fifoot, and Bhoke Munanka, while Karume was
accompanied by Abdulla Kassim Hanga, Abdulazizi Twala, and Ali
Mwinyigogo. This historic agreement marked a significant milestone in
the two nations’ journey towards unity and integration, laying the
groundwork for a brighter future for the people of Tanzania.
4.1. Ratification and Legal Processes.
On
April 25, 1964, a historic moment took place as the Union Agreement
between Tanganyika and Zanzibar was ratified by their respective
Legislative Authorities. In Zanzibar, the Revolutionary Council convened
at the State House, while in Tanganyika, the Parliament met at the
Karimjee Hall in Dar es Salaam.
President Nyerere sent Oscar
Kambona to witness Zanzibar’s ratification, and President Karume sent
Salim Rashid to witness Tanganyika’s ratification. After the Tanganyika
Parliament ratified the agreement, Mr. Pius Msekwa submitted the
Tanganyika and Zanzibar Union Bill to President Nyerere, who signed it
at the Magogoni State House. The signing was witnessed by leaders such
as Rashid Kawawa, Pius Msekwa, and others. The next day, April 26, 1964,
was officially recognized as Union Day.
4.2. Formation of the United Republic.
On
April 27, 1964, the new Parliament of the United Republic began its
work, marked by the exchange of Union Agreement documents at the
Karimjee Hall. President Nyerere and President Karume exchanged
agreements surrounded by cheers and cries of Freedom and Unity. Members
from Zanzibar took their oath of allegiance, fulfilling legal
requirements, and Abeid Amani Karume was appointed as the First Vice
President, with Rashid Mfaume Kawawa as the Second Vice President of the
United Republic.
On April 28, 1964, the New Cabinet of the
United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, consisting of 23 Ministers,
was sworn in at the Karimjee Hall, including five members from Zanzibar,
marking the official commencement of the government following the Union
Agreement signed on April 22, 1964.
4.3. International Recognition.
Two
days later, on April 30, 1964, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
announced to the United Nations Secretary-General, Mr. U Thant, the
formation of the “United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar,”
positioning the country between the United Kingdom and the United States
of America in the United Nations Assembly hall. This action led to the
renaming of the nation to the United Republic of Tanzania in October 28,
1964, following a parliamentary decision. The symbolic blending of
Tanganyika and Zanzibar soils at Uhuru Stadium on April 26, 1965, by
Hassan Omary Mzee and Hasanaeli Mrema, and the planting of a mango tree
using the same blended soil at the State House in Dar es Salaam,
signified the unity between the two territories, commemorated annually
as a symbol of the Union’s strength.
5. Foundations of Union Governance.
The
Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, defined by the Union Agreement
signed on April 22, 1964, by President Julius Kambarage Nyerere of
Tanganyika and President Abeid Amani Karume of Zanzibar, is the
foundation of the Union’s structure. This agreement, an international
treaty, required ratification by the Tanganyika Parliament and the
Zanzibar Revolutionary Council. Tanganyika enacted the Tanganyika and
Zanzibar Union Act, No. 22 of 1964, published in the Tanganyika
Government Gazette No. 243 of May 1, 1964, while Zanzibar enacted the
Zanzibar and Tanganyika Union Act of 1964. These Acts, along with the
Union Agreement, have been integral parts of the Laws of the United
Republic of Tanzania since April 26, 1964, demonstrating the meticulous
legal process behind this historic merger.
Furthermore, the Union
Laws recognized the autonomy of the House of Representatives and the
Government of Zanzibar in non-Union matters, showing the dual nature of
the Union structure. The Presidents of the United Republic and Zanzibar
issued Orders on May 1, 1964, including the Transitional Period Terms
Order and the Temporary Constitution Order, establishing the
constitutional and legal framework for the transitional period. These
Orders, issued in consultation and agreement with the President of
Zanzibar, marked the beginning of a carefully managed transition of
power and resources from Tanganyika to the United Republic.
The
transformation of the Constitution of the Republic of Tanganyika into
the Constitution of the United Republic, through the Temporary
Constitution Order, was a crucial step in establishing the United
Republic of Tanzania. This change required amending certain articles to
align with the Union’s provisions, leading to the renaming of the nation
to the United Republic of Tanzania. The name change was formalized
through the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar Change of Name
Act of 1964, with the new name officially adopted on October 28, 1964.
5.1. Structure of the Union.
The
constitutional framework further delineated the structure of the Union,
emphasizing a federation with two distinct governments namely, the
Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar. This structure, enshrined in the Constitution of
the United Republic of Tanzania, recognizes the authority of the
Tanzanian government over all Union matters and mainland Tanzania, while
granting the Zanzibar government authority over non-Union matters in
Zanzibar. This dual-government system was carefully chosen to reflect
the unique geographical and population differences between Tanganyika
and Zanzibar, ensuring equal representation and a balanced Union.
The
Union Agreement establishes a framework where the Parliament and
Government of the United Republic wield authority over crucial matters
spanning governance, security, and economic affairs. These include the
Constitution, Foreign Affairs, Defence, Police, and the handling of
emergencies. The agreement also extends to Citizenship, Immigration,
Foreign Trade and Borrowing, Public Service, Taxation, and key
infrastructure like Ports, Air Transport, postal services, and
Telecommunications. Such delineation of responsibilities ensures a
cohesive approach to governance and national development.
5.2. Expansion of Union Matters.
The
expansion of Union Matters broadened the scope of governance,
incorporating additional areas critical to the nation’s functioning.
This expansion included matters related to currency and money for any
legitimate payments (including notes), banks (including savings banks)
and all banking activities, foreign exchange and management of matters
related to foreign exchange, industrial licenses and statistics, higher
education, natural gas resources (including unleaded motor fuel and
petroleum and other types of fuel or products), natural gas, the
National Examinations Council of Tanzania and all matters related to its
operations, air transport and shipping, research, weather forecasting,
statistics, the Court of Appeal of the United Republic, and registration
of political parties and related matters.
Tanzania’s choice of a
two-government system over a unitary or three-government structure was a
deliberate decision based on the countries’ realities and needs. Julius
Kambarage Nyerere, one of the architects of the United Republic of
Tanzania, emphasized the practical challenges of implementing a unitary
government, particularly given Tanganyika’s size. His vision aimed to
strike a balance that accommodated the differences between Tanganyika
and Zanzibar, ensuring a sustainable and functional Union.
6. Strengthening the Union.
The
Union Matters are a complex set of issues that span both Union and
non-Union sectors, impacting the implementation of governmental matters.
To address these, the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and
the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar have established a meticulous
procedure, involving joint meetings through the Joint Committee. This
collaborative approach aims to find solutions and ensure effective
governance. Previously, various commissions and committees were
appointed to investigate and advise on actions regarding these matters.
6.1. Historical Commissions.
Several
significant committees and commissions have been established to address
Union issues over the years. These include the Salmin Amour Commission
of 1984, the Nyalali Commission of 1990, the Edwin Mtei Commission of
1991, the Shellukindo Committee of 1992, the Kisanga Commission of 1999,
and the Joint Committee of the Government of the United Republic of
Tanzania and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar in 2005. These
bodies reflect a commitment to addressing challenges and finding
resolutions through mutual understanding and reconciliation.
The
Kisanga Commission of 1999 played a crucial role in gathering public
opinions on the Constitution, particularly regarding the government
structure. With extensive participation from citizens across Mainland
Tanzania and Zanzibar, the commission found overwhelming support for the
two-government structure, indicating strong public backing for the
Union. Similarly, the Shellukindo Committee of 1992 conducted an
in-depth investigation into Union obstacles, leading to the presentation
of the ‘Report of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania on
Removing Union Obstacles’ to the Parliament in 1994.
6.2. Progress and Resolutions.
Subsequent
actions taken by both governments include legislative amendments, the
establishment of the Union Issues Secretariat, and the enactment of
various laws. These actions demonstrate a commitment to addressing Union
challenges and enhancing cooperation between the Government of the
United Republic of Tanzania and the Revolutionary Government of
Zanzibar. Since the establishment of the Joint Committee to Address
Union Issues in 2006, 25 issues have been raised, and by 2024, 22 of
these issues have been discussed, resolved, and removed from the Union
issues list.
Among the key issues addressed were the
implementation of the Human Rights and Good Governance Commission Act,
the Merchant Shipping Act, and Zanzibar’s membership in the
International Maritime Organization (IMO). Additionally, efforts were
made to integrate Zanzibar into the East African Community and enhance
its involvement in international and regional affairs. The exploration
and extraction of oil and natural gas, as well as the management of
telecommunication taxes by the Zanzibar Revenue Board, were also
significant topics. Furthermore, agreements were reached on various
development projects, such as the construction of roads and hospitals in
Pemba, demonstrating a shared commitment to the welfare of both
regions.
Other important issues included the appointment of key
officials from Zanzibar to national institutions, the regulation of
fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone, and the allocation of revenues
from international financial institutions. These efforts reflect a
concerted endeavor to address the specific needs and concerns of
Zanzibar while ensuring the integrity and stability of the Union.
Moreover,
the establishment of the Joint Committee has led to a more structured
and inclusive approach to addressing Union matters. The committee’s
regular meetings at different levels, including Experts, Permanent
Secretaries, Ministers, and the Joint Committee itself, chaired by the
Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania, have facilitated open
dialogue and swift resolutions. This proactive approach has not only
resolved existing issues but has also prevented potential conflicts,
contributing to the peaceful coexistence of both governments within the
Union.
7. Socio-Economic Progress.
The accomplishments of
Tanzania form a compelling story of national progress. The country has
not only safeguarded and strengthened unity, solidarity, peace,
stability, security, and independence but has also upheld the Glorious
Revolution of Zanzibar and the Union of Tanzania. Firmly dedicated to
multi-party democracy, human rights, and the secularity of the state,
Tanzania has positioned itself as a non-aligned state, consistently
defending national interests with staunch principles. The public service
flourishes with professionalism, discipline, integrity, diligence, and
skills, bolstered by robust policy frameworks that intensify the fight
against corruption, economic sabotage, and illicit activities,
channeling resources towards national development.
Tanzania’s
initiatives have resulted in improved food security, surplus production
for foreign markets, a growing industrial economy, and strategic
projects, all contributing to economic and social prosperity. With a
focus on mineral control, increased government revenue, environmental
protection, and proactive measures against climate change, Tanzania
demonstrates a commitment to sustainable development. The comprehensive
approach has led to the creation of modern infrastructure, rapid
economic growth, and an improved social welfare system, representing
significant steps in the country’s advancement.
This progress is
visible in both mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, where substantial
economic and social advancements have been achieved. Mainland Tanzania
has experienced remarkable growth, with per capita income increasing
from TZS 1,968,965 in 2015 to TZS 2,845,000 in 2022, accompanied by an
outstanding annual GDP growth of 5.7 percent. Life expectancy also rose
commendably from 61 to 65 years between 2015 and 2020. The introduction
of free education has boosted student enrollment, while improved access
to clean water and healthcare facilities has enhanced living conditions.
In
Zanzibar, the average per capita income surged from TZS 1,666,000 in
2015 to an impressive TZS 2,859,000 in 2022, complemented by robust GDP
growth of 6.8 percent. Additionally, life expectancy reached 68.4 years
in 2020, indicating significant advancements. Zanzibar’s provision of
free medical care and increase of the local budget for the purchase of
essential medicines from 0.5 billion shillings in 2015 to 12.7 billion
shillings in 2020 demonstrates its commitment to healthcare access and
quality of life improvements for its citizens.
7.1. Founding Tanzania.
The
first phase, spanning from 1964 to 1985, was dominated by the visionary
leadership of President Julius Kambarage Nyerere, alongside Vice
Presidents Abeid Amani Karume and Rashid Mfaume Kawawa. This era was
characterized by a unique dual leadership structure, where the First
Vice President also held the presidency of Zanzibar, while the Second
Vice President served as both Prime Minister and Vice President.
Despite
facing challenges such as the assassination of Abeid Amani Karume in
1972, which led to Aboud Jumbe Mwinyi being elected to take over the
position of the first Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania
and the President of Zanzibar and the Chairman of the Revolutionary
Council, serving as the second President of Zanzibar from 1972 to 1984,
the government maintained stability and continuity, eventually resulting
in President Nyerere’s resignation in 1985 and the election of Ali
Hassan Mwinyi as the new President.
During this period,
Tanzania’s regional engagement expanded with its membership in the East
African Community in 1967. However, the EAC dissolved in 1977, leading
to the integration of former EAC matters into the Union’s affairs. These
matters included the National Examination Council of Tanzania,
Transport and Aviation, Research, Weather Forecasting, and Statistics.
The Union’s strength was further demonstrated by the merger of TANU and
ASP into the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) on February 5, 1977, reflecting a
unified political landscape. These significant developments occurred
during events such as the war against Idi Amin of Uganda, which took
place from 1978 to 1979, and the enactment of new constitutions for
Tanzania in 1977 and for Zanzibar in 1984, marking a transformative
period in the nation’s history.
7.2. Transition and Reform.
The
second phase, from 1985 to 1995, saw the leadership baton passed to
President Ali Hassan Mwinyi. This period witnessed significant
constitutional changes, including the introduction of a multi-party
political system in 1992. In 1994, the vice presidential election
process was reformed to align with the presidential election.
This
reform was part of a broader amendment to the Constitution of the United
Republic of Tanzania of 1977, enacted through Act No. 34 of 1994. This
amendment established a new procedure for electing the Vice President,
who would now be elected in the same election as the President. Both
candidates were nominated by their party simultaneously, and if the
presidential candidate won, so would the Vice President.
This
phase also witnessed the enactment of several key laws, including the
Public Leadership Code of Ethics Act, No. 13 of 1995; the Immigration
Act, No. 6 of 1995; the Tax Revenue Authority Act, No. 11 of 1995; the
Bank of Tanzania Act, No. 1 of 1995; the Citizenship Act, No. 6 of 1995;
and the National Security Act, No. 15 of 1995. Additionally, the
establishment of the Union Matters Secretariat under the Office of the
Vice President demonstrated the government’s commitment to effective
union governance.
7.3. Consolidating Progress.
The third
phase, spanning from 1995 to 2005, marked a period of consolidation and
progress under the leadership of President Benjamin William Mkapa.
Building on the reforms initiated in the previous phase, President
Mkapa’s administration focused on legislative advancements and
institutional strengthening. Despite facing challenges, including the
passing of Vice President Dr. Omar Ali Juma on July 4, 2001, the
government maintained its momentum. Hon. Dr. Ali Mohamed Shein was
appointed to the position of Vice President of the United Republic of
Tanzania.
Prime Minister Fredrick Tulway Sumaye played a crucial
role in steering the government’s agenda, ensuring continuity and
stability. Several significant laws were enacted during this phase,
including the Joint Finance Commission Act No. 14 of 1996, the Tanzania
Insurance Business Act No. 18 of 1996, and the National Security Act No.
15 of 1996.
The Office of the Vice President, established under
Article 47 of the 1977 Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania
and Act No. 34 of 1994, Section 11, plays a crucial role in coordinating
Union matters and promoting cooperation between the governments of
Tanzania and Zanzibar. It also oversees environmental conservation
efforts. In 2005, the Union Matters Secretariat was upgraded to a full
department, showing a deep commitment to improving the efficiency of
union governance.
7.4. Economic Transformation.
The fourth
phase, spanning from 2005 to 2015, saw President Hon. Dr. Jakaya Mrisho
Kikwete spearhead a transformative development agenda in Tanzania. The
government prioritized infrastructure, expanding roads, and advancing
the energy sector to ensure broader access to electricity. Significant
expansion in healthcare services occurred, with increased facilities and
healthcare personnel. Education also progressed, with policies
enhancing enrollment rates and improving education quality.
In
this period, Dr. Ali Mohamed Shein served as Vice President of the
United Republic of Tanzania from 2005 to 2010. His subsequent election
as President of Zanzibar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council from
2010 to 2015 continued the development momentum. Concurrently, Dr.
Mohammed Gharib Bilal assumed the role of Vice President of the United
Republic of Tanzania in 2010, contributing to the ongoing development
efforts.
Moreover, efforts to streamline business operations were
clear, simplifying procedures for starting and running businesses. The
government implemented policies to enhance the business environment,
making it easier for entrepreneurs to establish and grow their
enterprises.
Agricultural development was a key priority as well, with
initiatives aimed at bolstering food production and ensuring food
security. Various programs were launched to support farmers, including
providing access to modern farming techniques, improving irrigation
systems, and increasing access to markets. These efforts, along with the
recognition and respect for President Kikwete’s leadership demonstrated
by awarding him the Order of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere medal on
April 24, 2024, at Chamwino State House in Dodoma, contributed to the
overall economic growth and development of Tanzania during this period.
7.5. Industrialization Drive.
The
Fifth Phase, from 2015 to 2021, under President John Joseph Pombe
Magufuli, was marked by a strong stance against corruption, a drive to
reduce government spending, and a focus on developing the country’s
infrastructure. His governance style, earning him the nickname “the
Bulldozer,” was characterized by direct action and a no-nonsense
approach to tackling inefficiency and fraud. Magufuli’s hands-on
leadership extended to personally inspecting government offices and
infrastructure projects to ensure accountability and efficiency. He also
implemented measures to curb government fraud and cut wasteful
spending.
During Magufuli’s presidency, the slogan “Hapa Kazi
Tu,” meaning “Get down to work” became synonymous with a culture of
productivity and efficiency. This slogan was emblematic of Magufuli’s
push for a diligent work ethic and his commitment to driving development
in Tanzania. It encapsulated his no-nonsense approach to governance,
emphasizing the need for focused and dedicated efforts to achieve
progress. Throughout his presidency, the “Hapa Kazi Tu” slogan
symbolized Magufuli’s dedication to advancing Tanzania’s development
through hard work and determination.
On April 24, 2024, in a
ceremony at Chamwino State House in Dodoma, President Samia Suluhu
Hassan awarded the Order of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere medal to
Mama Janeth Magufuli on behalf of her late husband, President John
Joseph Pombe Magufuli, who passed away on March 17, 2021.
This honor is
bestowed upon retired heads of state of the United Republic of Tanzania,
whether they are currently living or have passed away, and who were
democratically elected. This act signifies the recognition and respect
for Magufuli’s leadership and his contributions to Tanzania’s
development, as well as the ongoing tradition of honoring those who have
served the nation with distinction.
7.6. Empowering Tanzania.
The
Sixth Phase of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania,
initiated in 2021, has been marked by several significant achievements.
The government successfully conducted the 2022 Population and Housing
Census, revealing a population of 61.7 million, with 30.1 million males
and 31.6 million females, distributed between Tanzania Mainland
(59,851,347) and Tanzania Zanzibar (1,889,773). In addition, the
Buildings Census and Physical Addresses survey identified a total of
14,348,372 buildings, with 96.9% located in Tanzania Mainland and 3.1%
in Tanzania Zanzibar.
President Samia Suluhu Hassan’s slogan
“Kazi Iendelee” translates to “Let the work continue” in English,
emphasizing ongoing progress and development in Tanzania, symbolizing
her commitment to the country’s growth and prosperity. Her
administration has been marked by effective project execution,
completion, and continuity, demonstrating her dedication to driving
development initiatives forward.
This slogan has garnered support for
promoting a culture of productivity and advancement. President Samia has
also signaled her approach to dealing with officials who fail to
fulfill their duties, warning them to perform or face consequences,
stating “ukinizingua, tunazinguana,” which translates to “If you twist
me, we twist each other.” Her firm stance demonstrates her determination
to ensure effective governance and progress in Tanzania.
In line
with this commitment to progress, the health sector has received
substantial support, including a 1.3 trillion Shillings soft loan from
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to combat the effects of COVID-19.
These funds have been utilized for various purposes, such as
infrastructure development in the health and education sectors, and the
procurement of medical equipment and medication. Progress continues with
the completion of construction and renovation of referral, zonal, and
regional hospitals, as well as the construction of 59 new council
hospitals, renovation of 19 council hospitals, and completion of 300
dispensaries.
Efforts in the water sector has seen significant
improvements, with 1,197 water supply projects completed, providing
improved water services to 2,056 new villages. Additionally, more than
TZS 400 billion have been invested in water projects, leading to
increased water accessibility in rural and urban areas.
The tourism
sector has also seen advancements, while the construction sector has
been particularly active, with various infrastructure projects completed
or underway, including the construction of bridges, roads, government
buildings, and energy projects like the Julius Nyerere Hydropower
Project in Rufiji. The completion of the second phase of the Magufuli
Government City in Dodoma City and the ongoing construction of the
Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) and the MV Mwanza ship are among the
remarkable achievements in this phase.
Additionally, the Sixth
Phase has seen significant achievements through the Joint Committee of
the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar to Address Union Issues. The committee has
successfully resolved 11 out of 18 issues, demonstrating a commitment to
collaboration and effective governance.
8. Political Evolution.
In
1961, Tanganyika gained political independence with a multi-party
system in place. The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and the
African National Congress (ANC) participated in the November 1, 1962
presidential election, with 1,149,254 out of 1.8 million registered
voters turning up. Julius Kambarage Nyerere of TANU won by a landslide
with 98.15 percent of the vote, indicating to him that many Tanganyikans
did not support the multi-party system.
Consequently, President Nyerere
formed a commission on January 28, 1964, to explore Tanganyika becoming
a single-party state, which was chaired by Vice President Rashidi
Kawawa and included 13 members. After the union between Tanganyika and
Zanzibar, four additional members from Zanzibar were added, bringing the
total to 17 members.
The commission submitted its report on
March 22, 1965, recommending Tanzania become a single-party state. This
recommendation was later approved by TANU and the Afro-Shirazi Party
(ASP), leading to the passing of a bill and constitutional amendments in
1965. Following these changes, Tanzania officially became a
single-party state, and in the subsequent general election on September
30, 1965, conducted under this new system, President Nyerere ran
unopposed and received 96.46 percent of the votes, solidifying
Tanzania’s status as a single-party state with a voter turnout of 77.1
percent.
8.1. Transition to a Multiparty System.
On
February 18, 1992, during the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) general
assembly, Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, one of the architects of the
United Republic of Tanzania, delivered a landmark speech advocating for
multiparty politics. CCM was established on Saturday, February 5, 1977,
through the fusion of TANU and ASP. The assembly followed the
presentation of the Judge Nyalali Commission’s report on Tanzanians’
political preferences, revealing that only 20 percent favored a
multiparty system, while a resounding 80 percent supported the
continuation of the single-party model.
In reflection of the
party’s lasting influence, aligning with the minority view, Nyerere
sought to reassure members that CCM need not fear opposition, as the
majority still placed strong faith in the party. Drawing a powerful
metaphor, he portrayed CCM not as a sinking boat but as a robust
political force. This lasting influence involves building trust in the
party’s capabilities and unity, urging timely reforms and emphasizing
CCM’s role as a trusted leader with the capacity to guide the nation
through significant changes.
On July 1, 1992, Tanzania’s
political system experienced a significant transformation, transitioning
from a single-party structure, which had been in place since 1965, to a
new multiparty political system. This change was formalized through the
Political Parties Act of 1992, which was drafted, passed in parliament,
and became the primary legal framework guiding the democratization
process.
Additionally, key institutions such as the Office of the
Registrar of Political Parties (established in 1992) and the National
Electoral Commission (established in 1993) were created to facilitate
and manage this transition. The significance of this transition was
demonstrated by the landmark 1995 general election, marking a pivotal
moment in Tanzania’s political landscape.
8.2. Diversification of Political Parties.
Since
the transition in 1992, up to 2024, Tanzania saw the emergence of 19
political parties, each contributing to the country’s political
spectrum. These parties include well-known entities such as Chama Cha
Mapinduzi (CCM), Civic United Front (CUF), Chama cha Demokrasia na
Maendeleo (CHADEMA), The Union for Multiparty Democracy (UMD), National
Convention for Construction and Reform (NCCR MAGEUZI), National League
for Democracy (NLD), United People’s Democratic Party (UPDP), National
Reconstruction Alliance (NRA), Tanzania Democratic Alliance (ADA
-TADEA), Tanzania Labour Party (TLP), United Democratic Party (UDP),
Demokrasia Makini (MAKINI), Democratic Party (DP), Sauti ya Umma (SAU),
Alliance for Tanzanian Farmers Party (AFP), Chama Cha Kijamii (CCK),
Alliance for Democratic Change (ADC), Chama cha Ukombozi wa Umma
(CHAUMA), and Alliance for Change and Transparency (ACT WAZALENDO).
9. Conclusion.
Commemorating
six decades of unity and progress, Tanzania bears witness to the
strength of its people and the vision of its leaders. From the early
days of independence to the present, the United Republic of Tanzania has
steered through challenges with resilience and determination, emerging
as a symbol of stability and unity in Africa and beyond.
As we reflect
on the sixty years, we are reminded of the sacrifices made by our
forebears to forge a nation where all can thrive and prosper. This
journey has not been without its challenges, but through dedication and a
shared commitment to progress, Tanzania has overcome obstacles and
continued to grow, evolving into a nation that is not only determined
but also actively anticipates and plans for the future.
Looking
ahead, the vision for the future of Tanzania is one of continued
progress and development. Building on the foundations laid over the
years, Tanzania aims to further enhance its infrastructure, expand its
economy, and improve the well-being of its people. This vision is
founded in the principles of equality, inclusivity, and sustainable
development, ensuring that no one is left behind as the country moves
forward.
Tanzania envisions a future where every citizen has access to
quality education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, regardless of
their background or circumstances. By investing in its people and
encouraging a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, Tanzania is
committed to building a prosperous and inclusive society for generations
to come.
In celebration of this proud union anniversary, we
reiterate our commitment to building a united, prosperous, and inclusive
Tanzania. We recognize that our strength lies in our diversity and that
by working together, we can overcome any challenge that comes our way.
Let us honor the legacy of those who came before us by continuing to
build a nation that we can all be proud of, a nation that is truly Six
Decades Strong.
This anniversary serves as a reminder of our shared
history and the progress we have made together. In charting our course
forward, let us maintain our commitment to building a nation where every
citizen has the opportunity to thrive and contribute to our collective
success.
In conclusion, the United Republic of Tanzania’s journey
over the years has been remarkable, marked by growth, unity, and
resilience. As we celebrate this milestone, let us look to the future
with hope and optimism, confident in our ability to overcome whatever
challenges may come our way. This anniversary is not just a time to
reflect on our past achievements but also a moment to recommit ourselves
to the values that have guided us thus far.
It is a time to celebrate
our diversity and the strength it brings to our nation, and to reaffirm
our commitment to defending our country and the Union, and building a
brighter future for all Tanzanians. As we begin the next phase of our
journey, let us carry forward the lessons of the past and the spirit of
unity that has brought us this far. May God continue to bless the United
Republic of Tanzania and its people with peace, prosperity, and unity.
Hip hip hooray! Hip hip hooray! Long live the United Republic of Tanzania. Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania – Kazi Iendelee!
Thank you.
Written by Christopher Makwaia
Tel: +255 789 242 396
—
The writer, is a University of West London graduate (formerly Thames
Valley University) and an expert in Management, Leadership,
International Business, Foreign Affairs, Global Marketing, Diplomacy,
International Relations, Conflict Resolution, Negotiations, Security,
Arms Control, Political Scientist, and a self-taught Computer Programmer
and Web Developer.
